SCHEDULE FOR FCU MEDIC PHASE 1 SEMESTER 1

(GUIDANCE CORNER)

http://healthy-lifestyle.most-effective-solution.com/2010/07/25/human-anatomy-stomach/

http://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/picture-of-the-stomach

http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/anatomy/digestive/

http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/health-and-human-body/human-body/digestive-system-article/

http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Human_Physiology/The_gastrointestinal_system

http://kidshealth.org/parent/general/body_basics/digestive.html

 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM IN HUMAN:

1) Mengenal dan menghafal semua organ-organ dalam digestive system (done)

2) Mengkaji organ perut dengan lebih terperinci (done)

3) Mengenal penyakit-penyakit di bahagian perut dan virus yang terlibat (done)

    -Acid Reflux (G.E.R.D) (done)

    -Gastric (done)

    -Peptic Ulcer (done)

    -Stomach cancer (done)

     Cause by Helicobacter pylori infection

4) Sympston of the disease (done)

5) Stomach test and treatment

5) Alternative medicine

6) Case study

7) EXAM..

FCU MEDIC'S FOOT NOTES:

1)Digestive system;

Human Digestive System Diagram:

Human Digestive System Diagram The Human Digestive System Picture above, shows the relative positioning of various organs in the abdomen. Notice how the small intestine snakes back and forth, and how the large intestine also curves to accommodate it's length in the small space of the abdomen. A truly remarkable machine - The Human Digestive System.

A. Digestion of food begins in the mouth with chewing and the action of saliva. Food is physically broken into small pieces with the teeth and tongue and then swallowed. B. The swallowed food travels down a long tube called the esophagus into the stomach. Food is moved down the esophagus by wavelike muscular contractions. C. The stomach is a highly flexible muscular bag about the size of an apple. Food is mixed with acids to help break it down further. The acids also destroy most bacteria (if any) in the food. Food is gradually turned into a liquid, which is released into the small intestine in small amounts. D. The small intestine is a thin tube of up to 7 meters long, which is so ingeniously made, that it presents an enormous surface area from which it extracts nutrients from the mixture. Nutrients move across the small intestine wall into the bloodstream, where they are transported to the cells of the body, to be used for energy and building and repairing the body. E. The large intestine is about 1.5 meters long, containing undigested material including fibre, bacteria and other wastes that have been passed from the small intestine. It's here, that water is extracted (recycled) and the waste material is finally processed before elimination.

MOUTH PART

DIGESTION ACCESSORY ORGAN

DIGESTION ACCESSORY ORGAN

LIVER

STOMACH

What Is the Function of the Stomach?

The stomach is a hollow organ composed of several strong muscular layers. It is located under the rib cage and connected at each opening to the esophagus and the small intestine, respectively. The stomach stores, mixes and digests the food that we eat and acts to protect us from infectious organisms we may have ingested.

1. Function

   • After food is chewed and moistened in the mouth, it passes through the esophagus into the stomach. This is the second step in the digestion of everything you consume. Food is mixed with stomach acid and enzymes to break the food down into smaller pieces. This combination of food and stomach "juices" is called chyme. The stomach also stores food temporarily, releasing chyme in small amounts into the small intestine, where it is further broken down into nutrients to be absorbed into the body.

   2.Significance

   • In addition to breaking down food, stomach acid and enzymes also help to kill bacteria or other infectious organisms that you may have eaten. The stomach is protected from corrosive stomach acid by a layer of mucus lining its walls. This mucus layer also protects other internal organs from stomach acid. When the mucus lining is damaged, stomach acids can burn through the lining of the stomach and damage other organs in the body.

   3.Considerations

   • The majority of stomach ulcers are caused by a bacteria called Helicobacter pylori, or H. pylori. Symptoms of ulcers include a burning sensation in the stomach, feelings of "hunger" or aching a few hours after eating or during the night, or dark, black-colored stool. Antacids and medications that block stomach acid production are not adequate treatment for stomach ulcers caused by H. pylori. These treatments prevent stomach acid from damaging the lining of the stomach, but you need antibiotics to kill H. pylori. If you have symptoms of a stomach ulcer, talk to your doctor and make sure that you are tested for the presence of H. pylori.

   4.Warning

   • Stomach cancer is fairly rare and usually affects people over the age of 70. Risk factors include smoking, a family history of stomach cancer, a diet high in fatty, smoked or salted foods, and a history of stomach ulcers. Unfortunately, stomach cancer doesn't show clear symptoms. You may experience nausea, feelings of fullness or bloating, or stomach discomfort---all of which can also be symptoms of ulcers or indigestion. If you are concerned, talk to your doctor about your risk factors for stomach cancer and whether you need to be tested.

   5.Prevention/Solution

   • Eat a diet low in fat and high in fresh fruits and vegetables and whole grains to support stomach and digestive health. Avoid alcohol, which can irritate the stomach lining and cause inflammation, or gastritis. Licorice tablets can help to soothe and protect the mucosal lining of the stomach. Chew 1 or 2 tablets containing 380 mg of licorice when you experience stomach discomfort. Glycyrrhizinic acid is a component in licorice that can increase blood pressure, so be sure to use only supplements that are labeled as "deglycyrrizinated licorice." Do not take any herbal or over-the-counter remedies without first discussing them with your health care provider.

Read more: What Is the Function of the Stomach? | eHow.com http://www.ehow.com/about_4572246_function-stomach_.html#ixzz1XEQQxbHN

PANCREAS

LARGE INTESTINE

MUSCLE SMOOTH

DIGESTION ORGAN COMPLETE WITH CIRCULATORY

TORSO

 

2) Mengkaji organ perut dengan lebih terperinci

STOMACH DIGESTION:

(DIGESTION IN MOUTH)

Sliva: enzyme emylase act on starch------------->maltose

            *

            *

                    *        

(DIGESTION IN STOMACH)

Gastric juice: a) enzyme rennin act on milk----------->fat droplets

                                                       b) enzyme pepsin act on protein------->peptones

  

Human Stomach Diseases

• Gastroesophageal reflux: Stomach contents, including acid, can travel backward up the esophagus. There may be no symptoms, or reflux may cause heartburn or coughing.
• Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): When symptoms of reflux become bothersome or occur frequently, they’re called GERD. Infrequently, GERD can cause serious problems of the esophagus.
• Dyspepsia: Another name for stomach upset or indigestion. Dyspepsia may be caused by almost any benign or serious condition that affects the stomach.
• Gastric ulcer (stomach ulcer): An erosion in the lining of the stomach, often causing pain and/or bleeding. Gastric ulcers are most often caused by NSAIDs or H. pylori infection.
• Peptic ulcer disease: Doctors consider ulcers in either the stomach or the duodenum (the first part of the small intestine) peptic ulcer disease.
• Gastritis: Inflammation of the stomach, often causing nausea and/or pain. Gastritis can be caused by alcohol, certain medications, H. pylori infection, or other factors.
• Stomach cancer: Gastric cancer is an uncommon form of cancer in the U.S. Adenocarcinoma and lymphoma make up most of the cases of stomach cancer.
• Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES): One or more tumors that secrete hormones that lead to increased acid production. Severe GERD and peptic ulcer disease result from this rare disorder.
• Gastric varices: In people with severe liver disease, veins in the stomach may swell and bulge under increased pressure. Called varices, these veins are at high risk for bleeding, although less so than esophageal varices are.
• Stomach bleeding: Gastritis, ulcers, or gastric cancers may bleed. Seeing blood or black material in vomit or stool is usually a medical emergency.
• Gastroparesis (delayed gastric emptying): Nerve damage from diabetes or other conditions may impair the stomach’s muscle contractions. Nausea and vomiting are the usual symptoms.

Stomach Disease:

• Upper endoscopy (esophagogastroduodenoscopy or EGD): A flexible tube with a camera on its end (endoscope) is inserted through the mouth. The endoscope allows examination of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum (the first part of the small intestine).
• Computed tomography (CT scan): A CT scanner uses X-rays and a computer to create images of the stomach and abdomen. 
• Magnetic resonance imaging: Using a magnetic field, a scanner creates high-resolution images of the stomach and abdomen.
• pH testing: Using a tube through the nose into the esophagus, acid levels in the esophagus can be monitored. This can help diagnose or change treatment for GERD.
• Barium swallow: After swallowing barium, X-ray films of the esophagus and stomach are taken. This can sometimes diagnose ulcers or other problems.
• Upper GI series: X-rays are taken of the esophagus, stomach, and upper part of the small intestine.
• Gastric emptying study: A test of how rapidly food passes through the stomach. The food is labeled with a chemical and viewed on a scanner.
• Stomach biopsy: During an endoscopy, a doctor can take a small piece of stomach tissue for tests. This can diagnose H. pylori infection, cancer, or other problems.
• H. pylori test : While most people with H. pylori infection don't develop ulcers, simple blood or stool tests can be done to check for infection in people with ulcers or to verify that the infection is wiped out after treatment..

Stomach Treatments

• Histamine (H2) blockers: Histamine increases stomach acid secretion; blocking histamine can reduce acid production and GERD symptoms.
• Proton pump inhibitors: These medicines directly inhibit the acid pumps in the stomach. They must be taken daily to be effective.
• Antacids: These medicines can help against the effects of acid but don't kill bacteria or stop acid production.
• Endoscopy: During an upper endoscopy, tools on the endoscope can sometimes stop stomach bleeding, if present.
• Motility agents: Medicines can increase contraction of the stomach, improving symptoms of gastroparesis.
• Stomach surgery: Cases of severe stomach bleeding, ruptured ulcers, or cancer require surgery to be cured.
• Antibiotics: H. pylori infection can be cured with antibiotics, which are taken with other medicines to heal the stomach.